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(C1X   B  & 6 CNO j(((j(U* ,{./Zl248o< 6A(WCD!EmGlJ sJJJ/NNvOQRS8TV[W?YZ^ 4`>``a /b Z e#p`Yi'  : W?d?2 +)8b'  a0*')R|,05/  P Z1eOB-*,X004' D N"[ ~  !:Pl-#& 0&Nu &!&(O h3<;565l00'),)V5%'41\ 3$!.(W_5n5 '(.W v8*?Sd8,"^e<WEN[>+;s s6RNE c#T z3 -+Z_B$!h2iBQ'Y~kapow41 _ju9iFZ=:Oe:v\ CJCb5AK\ G}X?Vg{(rbqID,6 =Wp}>;*XQAy2h~' ja7#0t`/Ir30)]o$ &m@S U5.L!  gDPfnqY-M(<Hv9u^yLn 14c|"VHtOMP|fdkxw[%UT` F{ 7].ml%@ GR)zJ/&xKltimed out waiting for input: auto-logout -%s or -o option -irsD or -c command or -O shopt_option (invocation only) malloc: %s:%d: assertion botched (wd: %s) (core dumped) line $%s: cannot assign in this way%c%c: invalid option%d: invalid file descriptor: %s%s can be invoked via %s has null exportstr%s is %s %s is a function %s is a shell builtin %s is a shell keyword %s is aliased to `%s' %s is hashed (%s) %s is not bound to any keys. %s out of range%s%s%s: %s (error token is "%s")%s: %s out of range%s: %s: bad interpreter%s: %s: cannot open as FILE%s: %s: invalid value for trace file descriptor%s: %s: must use subscript when assigning associative array%s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes%s: %s:%d: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)%s: ambiguous job spec%s: ambiguous redirect%s: arguments must be process or job IDs%s: bad network path specification%s: bad substitution%s: binary operator expected%s: cannot allocate %lu bytes%s: cannot allocate %lu bytes (%lu bytes allocated)%s: cannot assign fd to variable%s: cannot assign list to array member%s: cannot assign to non-numeric index%s: cannot convert associative to indexed array%s: cannot convert indexed to associative array%s: cannot create: %s%s: cannot delete: %s%s: cannot destroy array variables in this way%s: cannot execute binary file%s: cannot execute: %s%s: cannot get limit: %s%s: cannot modify limit: %s%s: cannot open temp file: %s%s: cannot open: %s%s: cannot overwrite existing file%s: cannot read: %s%s: cannot unset%s: cannot unset: readonly %s%s: command not found%s: error retrieving current directory: %s: %s %s: expression error %s: file is too large%s: file not found%s: first non-whitespace character is not `"'%s: hash table empty %s: history expansion failed%s: host unknown%s: illegal option -- %c %s: inlib failed%s: integer expression expected%s: invalid action name%s: invalid array origin%s: invalid associative array key%s: invalid callback quantum%s: invalid file descriptor specification%s: invalid limit argument%s: invalid line count%s: invalid option%s: invalid option name%s: invalid service%s: invalid shell option name%s: invalid signal specification%s: invalid timeout specification%s: is a directory%s: job %d already in background%s: job has terminated%s: line %d: %s: missing colon separator%s: no completion specification%s: no job control%s: no such job%s: not a function%s: not a regular file%s: not a shell builtin%s: not an array variable%s: not an indexed array%s: not dynamically loaded%s: not found%s: numeric argument required%s: option requires an argument%s: option requires an argument -- %c %s: parameter null or not set%s: readonly function%s: readonly variable%s: restricted%s: restricted: cannot redirect output%s: restricted: cannot specify `/' in command names%s: substring expression < 0%s: unary operator expected%s: unbound variable%s: usage: (( expression ))(core dumped) (wd now: %s) . filename [arguments]/dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port not supported without networking/tmp must be a valid directory name:ABORT instructionAborting...Add directories to stack. Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails.Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding directories to the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. -N Rotates the stack so that the Nth directory (counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero) is at the top. dir Adds DIR to the directory stack at the top, making it the new current working directory. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.Alarm (profile)Alarm (virtual)Alarm clockArithmetic for loop. Equivalent to (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do COMMANDS (( EXP3 )) done EXP1, EXP2, and EXP3 are arithmetic expressions. If any expression is omitted, it behaves as if it evaluates to 1. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.BPT trace/trapBad system callBogus signalBroken pipeBus errorCPU limitChild death or stopCommon shell variable names and usage. BASH_VERSION Version information for this Bash. CDPATH A colon-separated list of directories to search for directories given as arguments to `cd'. GLOBIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns describing filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. HISTFILE The name of the file where your command history is stored. HISTFILESIZE The maximum number of lines this file can contain. HISTSIZE The maximum number of history lines that a running shell can access. HOME The complete pathname to your login directory. HOSTNAME The name of the current host. HOSTTYPE The type of CPU this version of Bash is running under. IGNOREEOF Controls the action of the shell on receipt of an EOF character as the sole input. If set, then the value of it is the number of EOF characters that can be seen in a row on an empty line before the shell will exit (default 10). When unset, EOF signifies the end of input. MACHTYPE A string describing the current system Bash is running on. MAILCHECK How often, in seconds, Bash checks for new mail. MAILPATH A colon-separated list of filenames which Bash checks for new mail. OSTYPE The version of Unix this version of Bash is running on. PATH A colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for commands. PROMPT_COMMAND A command to be executed before the printing of each primary prompt. PS1 The primary prompt string. PS2 The secondary prompt string. PWD The full pathname of the current directory. SHELLOPTS A colon-separated list of enabled shell options. TERM The name of the current terminal type. TIMEFORMAT The output format for timing statistics displayed by the `time' reserved word. auto_resume Non-null means a command word appearing on a line by itself is first looked for in the list of currently stopped jobs. If found there, that job is foregrounded. A value of `exact' means that the command word must exactly match a command in the list of stopped jobs. A value of `substring' means that the command word must match a substring of the job. Any other value means that the command must be a prefix of a stopped job. histchars Characters controlling history expansion and quick substitution. The first character is the history substitution character, usually `!'. The second is the `quick substitution' character, usually `^'. The third is the `history comment' character, usually `#'. HISTIGNORE A colon-separated list of patterns used to decide which commands should be saved on the history list. ContinueCopyright (C) 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Create a coprocess named NAME. Execute COMMAND asynchronously, with the standard output and standard input of the command connected via a pipe to file descriptors assigned to indices 0 and 1 of an array variable NAME in the executing shell. The default NAME is "COPROC". Exit Status: Returns the exit status of COMMAND.Define local variables. Create a local variable called NAME, and give it VALUE. OPTION can be any option accepted by `declare'. Local variables can only be used within a function; they are visible only to the function where they are defined and its children. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied, an error occurs, or the shell is not executing a function.Define or display aliases. Without arguments, `alias' prints the list of aliases in the reusable form `alias NAME=VALUE' on standard output. Otherwise, an alias is defined for each NAME whose VALUE is given. A trailing space in VALUE causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded. Options: -p Print all defined aliases in a reusable format Exit Status: alias returns true unless a NAME is supplied for which no alias has been defined.Define shell function. Create a shell function named NAME. When invoked as a simple command, NAME runs COMMANDs in the calling shell's context. When NAME is invoked, the arguments are passed to the function as $1...$n, and the function's name is in $FUNCNAME. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is readonly.Display directory stack. Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Display information about builtin commands. Displays brief summaries of builtin commands. If PATTERN is specified, gives detailed help on all commands matching PATTERN, otherwise the list of help topics is printed. Options: -d output short description for each topic -m display usage in pseudo-manpage format -s output only a short usage synopsis for each topic matching PATTERN Arguments: PATTERN Pattern specifiying a help topic Exit Status: Returns success unless PATTERN is not found or an invalid option is given.Display information about command type. For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name. Options: -a display all locations containing an executable named NAME; includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if the `-p' option is not also used -f suppress shell function lookup -P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias, builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file that would be executed -p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed, or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'. -t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword', `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not found, respectively Arguments: NAME Command name to be interpreted. Exit Status: Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.Display or execute commands from the history list. fc is used to list or edit and re-execute commands from the history list. FIRST and LAST can be numbers specifying the range, or FIRST can be a string, which means the most recent command beginning with that string. Options: -e ENAME select which editor to use. Default is FCEDIT, then EDITOR, then vi -l list lines instead of editing -n omit line numbers when listing -r reverse the order of the lines (newest listed first) With the `fc -s [pat=rep ...] [command]' format, COMMAND is re-executed after the substitution OLD=NEW is performed. A useful alias to use with this is r='fc -s', so that typing `r cc' runs the last command beginning with `cc' and typing `r' re-executes the last command. Exit Status: Returns success or status of executed command; non-zero if an error occurs.Display or manipulate the history list. Display the history list with line numbers, prefixing each modified entry with a `*'. An argument of N lists only the last N entries. Options: -c clear the history list by deleting all of the entries -d offset delete the history entry at offset OFFSET. -a append history lines from this session to the history file -n read all history lines not already read from the history file -r read the history file and append the contents to the history list -w write the current history to the history file and append them to the history list -p perform history expansion on each ARG and display the result without storing it in the history list -s append the ARGs to the history list as a single entry If FILENAME is given, it is used as the history file. Otherwise, if $HISTFILE has a value, that is used, else ~/.bash_history. If the $HISTTIMEFORMAT variable is set and not null, its value is used as a format string for strftime(3) to print the time stamp associated with each displayed history entry. No time stamps are printed otherwise. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.Display or set file mode mask. Sets the user file-creation mask to MODE. If MODE is omitted, prints the current value of the mask. If MODE begins with a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is a symbolic mode string like that accepted by chmod(1). Options: -p if MODE is omitted, output in a form that may be reused as input -S makes the output symbolic; otherwise an octal number is output Exit Status: Returns success unless MODE is invalid or an invalid option is given.Display possible completions depending on the options. Intended to be used from within a shell function generating possible completions. If the optional WORD argument is supplied, matches against WORD are generated. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Display process times. Prints the accumulated user and system times for the shell and all of its child processes. Exit Status: Always succeeds.Display status of jobs. Lists the active jobs. JOBSPEC restricts output to that job. Without options, the status of all active jobs is displayed. Options: -l lists process IDs in addition to the normal information -n list only processes that have changed status since the last notification -p lists process IDs only -r restrict output to running jobs -s restrict output to stopped jobs If -x is supplied, COMMAND is run after all job specifications that appear in ARGS have been replaced with the process ID of that job's process group leader. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs. If -x is used, returns the exit status of COMMAND.Display the list of currently remembered directories. Directories find their way onto the list with the `pushd' command; you can get back up through the list with the `popd' command. Options: -c clear the directory stack by deleting all of the elements -l do not print tilde-prefixed versions of directories relative to your home directory -p print the directory stack with one entry per line -v print the directory stack with one entry per line prefixed with its position in the stack Arguments: +N Displays the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero. -N Displays the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with zero.DoneDone(%d)EMT instructionEnable and disable shell builtins. Enables and disables builtin shell commands. Disabling allows you to execute a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin without using a full pathname. Options: -a print a list of builtins showing whether or not each is enabled -n disable each NAME or display a list of disabled builtins -p print the list of builtins in a reusable format -s print only the names of Posix `special' builtins Options controlling dynamic loading: -f Load builtin NAME from shared object FILENAME -d Remove a builtin loaded with -f Without options, each NAME is enabled. To use the `test' found in $PATH instead of the shell builtin version, type `enable -n test'. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not a shell builtin or an error occurs.Evaluate arithmetic expression. The EXPRESSION is evaluated according to the rules for arithmetic evaluation. Equivalent to "let EXPRESSION". Exit Status: Returns 1 if EXPRESSION evaluates to 0; returns 0 otherwise.Evaluate conditional expression. This is a synonym for the "test" builtin, but the last argument must be a literal `]', to match the opening `['.Execute a simple command or display information about commands. Runs COMMAND with ARGS suppressing shell function lookup, or display information about the specified COMMANDs. Can be used to invoke commands on disk when a function with the same name exists. Options: -p use a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to find all of the standard utilities -v print a description of COMMAND similar to the `type' builtin -V print a more verbose description of each COMMAND Exit Status: Returns exit status of COMMAND, or failure if COMMAND is not found.Execute arguments as a shell command. Combine ARGs into a single string, use the result as input to the shell, and execute the resulting commands. Exit Status: Returns exit status of command or success if command is null.Execute commands as long as a test does not succeed. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the `until' COMMANDS has an exit status which is not zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands as long as a test succeeds. Expand and execute COMMANDS as long as the final command in the `while' COMMANDS has an exit status of zero. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands based on conditional. The `if COMMANDS' list is executed. If its exit status is zero, then the `then COMMANDS' list is executed. Otherwise, each `elif COMMANDS' list is executed in turn, and if its exit status is zero, the corresponding `then COMMANDS' list is executed and the if command completes. Otherwise, the `else COMMANDS' list is executed, if present. The exit status of the entire construct is the exit status of the last command executed, or zero if no condition tested true. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands based on pattern matching. Selectively execute COMMANDS based upon WORD matching PATTERN. The `|' is used to separate multiple patterns. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands for each member in a list. The `for' loop executes a sequence of commands for each member in a list of items. If `in WORDS ...;' is not present, then `in "$@"' is assumed. For each element in WORDS, NAME is set to that element, and the COMMANDS are executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Execute commands from a file in the current shell. Read and execute commands from FILENAME in the current shell. The entries in $PATH are used to find the directory containing FILENAME. If any ARGUMENTS are supplied, they become the positional parameters when FILENAME is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed in FILENAME; fails if FILENAME cannot be read.Execute conditional command. Returns a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the conditional expression EXPRESSION. Expressions are composed of the same primaries used by the `test' builtin, and may be combined using the following operators: ( EXPRESSION ) Returns the value of EXPRESSION ! EXPRESSION True if EXPRESSION is false; else false EXPR1 && EXPR2 True if both EXPR1 and EXPR2 are true; else false EXPR1 || EXPR2 True if either EXPR1 or EXPR2 is true; else false When the `==' and `!=' operators are used, the string to the right of the operator is used as a pattern and pattern matching is performed. When the `=~' operator is used, the string to the right of the operator is matched as a regular expression. The && and || operators do not evaluate EXPR2 if EXPR1 is sufficient to determine the expression's value. Exit Status: 0 or 1 depending on value of EXPRESSION.Execute shell builtins. Execute SHELL-BUILTIN with arguments ARGs without performing command lookup. This is useful when you wish to reimplement a shell builtin as a shell function, but need to execute the builtin within the function. Exit Status: Returns the exit status of SHELL-BUILTIN, or false if SHELL-BUILTIN is not a shell builtin..Exit %dExit a login shell. Exits a login shell with exit status N. Returns an error if not executed in a login shell.Exit for, while, or until loops. Exit a FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, break N enclosing loops. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1.Exit the shell. Exits the shell with a status of N. If N is omitted, the exit status is that of the last command executed.File limitFloating point exceptionGNU bash, version %s (%s) GNU bash, version %s-(%s) GNU long options: Group commands as a unit. Run a set of commands in a group. This is one way to redirect an entire set of commands. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.HFT input data pendingHFT monitor mode grantedHFT monitor mode retractedHFT sound sequence has completedHOME not setHangupI have no name!I/O readyIllegal instructionInformation requestInterruptKilledLicense GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later Mark shell variables as unchangeable. Mark each NAME as read-only; the values of these NAMEs may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before marking as read-only. Options: -a refer to indexed array variables -A refer to associative array variables -f refer to shell functions -p display a list of all readonly variables and functions An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.Modify shell resource limits. Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes it creates, on systems that allow such control. Options: -S use the `soft' resource limit -H use the `hard' resource limit -a all current limits are reported -b the socket buffer size -c the maximum size of core files created -d the maximum size of a process's data segment -e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice') -f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children -i the maximum number of pending signals -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory -m the maximum resident set size -n the maximum number of open file descriptors -p the pipe buffer size -q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues -r the maximum real-time scheduling priority -s the maximum stack size -t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds -u the maximum number of user processes -v the size of virtual memory -x the maximum number of file locks If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively. Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If no option is given, then -f is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, -p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled number of processes. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.Move job to the foreground. Place the job identified by JOB_SPEC in the foreground, making it the current job. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Status of command placed in foreground, or failure if an error occurs.Move jobs to the background. Place the jobs identified by each JOB_SPEC in the background, as if they had been started with `&'. If JOB_SPEC is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used. Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.Null command. No effect; the command does nothing. Exit Status: Always succeeds.OLDPWD not setParse option arguments. Getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parameters as options. OPTSTRING contains the option letters to be recognized; if a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it by white space. Each time it is invoked, getopts will place the next option in the shell variable $name, initializing name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to be processed into the shell variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to 1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into the shell variable OPTARG. getopts reports errors in one of two ways. If the first character of OPTSTRING is a colon, getopts uses silent error reporting. In this mode, no error messages are printed. If an invalid option is seen, getopts places the option character found into OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, getopts places a ':' into NAME and sets OPTARG to the option character found. If getopts is not in silent mode, and an invalid option is seen, getopts places '?' into NAME and unsets OPTARG. If a required argument is not found, a '?' is placed in NAME, OPTARG is unset, and a diagnostic message is printed. If the shell variable OPTERR has the value 0, getopts disables the printing of error messages, even if the first character of OPTSTRING is not a colon. OPTERR has the value 1 by default. Getopts normally parses the positional parameters ($0 - $9), but if more arguments are given, they are parsed instead. Exit Status: Returns success if an option is found; fails if the end of options is encountered or an error occurs.Print the name of the current working directory. Options: -L print the value of $PWD if it names the current working directory -P print the physical directory, without any symbolic links By default, `pwd' behaves as if `-L' were specified. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless an invalid option is given or the current directory cannot be read.QuitRead a line from the standard input and split it into fields. Reads a single line from the standard input, or from file descriptor FD if the -u option is supplied. The line is split into fields as with word splitting, and the first word is assigned to the first NAME, the second word to the second NAME, and so on, with any leftover words assigned to the last NAME. Only the characters found in $IFS are recognized as word delimiters. If no NAMEs are supplied, the line read is stored in the REPLY variable. Options: -a array assign the words read to sequential indices of the array variable ARRAY, starting at zero -d delim continue until the first character of DELIM is read, rather than newline -e use Readline to obtain the line in an interactive shell -i text Use TEXT as the initial text for Readline -n nchars return after reading NCHARS characters rather than waiting for a newline, but honor a delimiter if fewer than NCHARS characters are read before the delimiter -N nchars return only after reading exactly NCHARS characters, unless EOF is encountered or read times out, ignoring any delimiter -p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before attempting to read -r do not allow backslashes to escape any characters -s do not echo input coming from a terminal -t timeout time out and return failure if a complete line of input is not read withint TIMEOUT seconds. The value of the TMOUT variable is the default timeout. TIMEOUT may be a fractional number. If TIMEOUT is 0, read returns success only if input is available on the specified file descriptor. The exit status is greater than 128 if the timeout is exceeded -u fd read from file descriptor FD instead of the standard input Exit Status: The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is supplied as the argument to -u.Read lines from a file into an array variable. A synonym for `mapfile'.Record lockRemember or display program locations. Determine and remember the full pathname of each command NAME. If no arguments are given, information about remembered commands is displayed. Options: -d forget the remembered location of each NAME -l display in a format that may be reused as input -p pathname use PATHNAME is the full pathname of NAME -r forget all remembered locations -t print the remembered location of each NAME, preceding each location with the corresponding NAME if multiple NAMEs are given Arguments: NAME Each NAME is searched for in $PATH and added to the list of remembered commands. Exit Status: Returns success unless NAME is not found or an invalid option is given.Remove directories from stack. Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid argument is supplied or the directory change fails.Remove each NAME from the list of defined aliases. Options: -a remove all alias definitions. Return success unless a NAME is not an existing alias.Remove jobs from current shell. Removes each JOBSPEC argument from the table of active jobs. Without any JOBSPECs, the shell uses its notion of the current job. Options: -a remove all jobs if JOBSPEC is not supplied -h mark each JOBSPEC so that SIGHUP is not sent to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP -r remove only running jobs Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option or JOBSPEC is given.Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments, removes the top directory from the stack, and changes to the new top directory. Options: -n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing directories from the stack, so only the stack is manipulated. Arguments: +N Removes the Nth entry counting from the left of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd +0' removes the first directory, `popd +1' the second. -N Removes the Nth entry counting from the right of the list shown by `dirs', starting with zero. For example: `popd -0' removes the last directory, `popd -1' the next to last. The `dirs' builtin displays the directory stack.Replace the shell with the given command. Execute COMMAND, replacing this shell with the specified program. ARGUMENTS become the arguments to COMMAND. If COMMAND is not specified, any redirections take effect in the current shell. Options: -a name pass NAME as the zeroth argument to COMMAND -c execute COMMAND with an empty environment -l place a dash in the zeroth argument to COMMAND If the command cannot be executed, a non-interactive shell exits, unless the shell option `execfail' is set. Exit Status: Returns success unless COMMAND is not found or a redirection error occurs.Report time consumed by pipeline's execution. Execute PIPELINE and print a summary of the real time, user CPU time, and system CPU time spent executing PIPELINE when it terminates. Options: -p print the timing summary in the portable Posix format The value of the TIMEFORMAT variable is used as the output format. Exit Status: The return status is the return status of PIPELINE.Resume for, while, or until loops. Resumes the next iteration of the enclosing FOR, WHILE or UNTIL loop. If N is specified, resumes the Nth enclosing loop. Exit Status: The exit status is 0 unless N is not greater than or equal to 1.Resume job in foreground. Equivalent to the JOB_SPEC argument to the `fg' command. Resume a stopped or background job. JOB_SPEC can specify either a job name or a job number. Following JOB_SPEC with a `&' places the job in the background, as if the job specification had been supplied as an argument to `bg'. Exit Status: Returns the status of the resumed job.Return a successful result. Exit Status: Always succeeds.Return an unsuccessful result. Exit Status: Always fails.Return from a shell function. Causes a function or sourced script to exit with the return value specified by N. If N is omitted, the return status is that of the last command executed within the function or script. Exit Status: Returns N, or failure if the shell is not executing a function or script.Return the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns "$line $filename". With EXPR, returns "$line $subroutine $filename"; this extra information can be used to provide a stack trace. The value of EXPR indicates how many call frames to go back before the current one; the top frame is frame 0. Exit Status: Returns 0 unless the shell is not executing a shell function or EXPR is invalid.Returns the context of the current subroutine call. Without EXPR, returns RunningSegmentation faultSelect words from a list and execute commands. The WORDS are expanded, generating a list of words. The set of expanded words is printed on the standard error, each preceded by a number. If `in WORDS' is not present, `in "$@"' is assumed. The PS3 prompt is then displayed and a line read from the standard input. If the line consists of the number corresponding to one of the displayed words, then NAME is set to that word. If the line is empty, WORDS and the prompt are redisplayed. If EOF is read, the command completes. Any other value read causes NAME to be set to null. The line read is saved in the variable REPLY. COMMANDS are executed after each selection until a break command is executed. Exit Status: Returns the status of the last command executed.Send a signal to a job. Send the processes identified by PID or JOBSPEC the signal named by SIGSPEC or SIGNUM. If neither SIGSPEC nor SIGNUM is present, then SIGTERM is assumed. Options: -s sig SIG is a signal name -n sig SIG is a signal number -l list the signal names; if arguments follow `-l' they are assumed to be signal numbers for which names should be listed Kill is a shell builtin for two reasons: it allows job IDs to be used instead of process IDs, and allows processes to be killed if the limit on processes that you can create is reached. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or an error occurs.Set Readline key bindings and variables. Bind a key sequence to a Readline function or a macro, or set a Readline variable. The non-option argument syntax is equivalent to that found in ~/.inputrc, but must be passed as a single argument: e.g., bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. Options: -m keymap Use KEYMAP as the keymap for the duration of this command. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-standard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command, and vi-insert. -l List names of functions. -P List function names and bindings. -p List functions and bindings in a form that can be reused as input. -S List key sequences that invoke macros and their values -s List key sequences that invoke macros and their values in a form that can be reused as input. -V List variable names and values -v List variable names and values in a form that can be reused as input. -q function-name Query about which keys invoke the named function. -u function-name Unbind all keys which are bound to the named function. -r keyseq Remove the binding for KEYSEQ. -f filename Read key bindings from FILENAME. -x keyseq:shell-command Cause SHELL-COMMAND to be executed when KEYSEQ is entered. Exit Status: bind returns 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or an error occurs.Set and unset shell options. Change the setting of each shell option OPTNAME. Without any option arguments, list all shell options with an indication of whether or not each is set. Options: -o restrict OPTNAMEs to those defined for use with `set -o' -p print each shell option with an indication of its status -q suppress output -s enable (set) each OPTNAME -u disable (unset) each OPTNAME Exit Status: Returns success if OPTNAME is enabled; fails if an invalid option is given or OPTNAME is disabled.Set export attribute for shell variables. Marks each NAME for automatic export to the environment of subsequently executed commands. If VALUE is supplied, assign VALUE before exporting. Options: -f refer to shell functions -n remove the export property from each NAME -p display a list of all exported variables and functions An argument of `--' disables further option processing. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or NAME is invalid.Set variable values and attributes. Obsolete. See `help declare'.Shell commands matching keyword `Shell commands matching keywords `Shell options: Shift positional parameters. Rename the positional parameters $N+1,$N+2 ... to $1,$2 ... If N is not given, it is assumed to be 1. Exit Status: Returns success unless N is negative or greater than $#.Signal %dSpecify how arguments are to be completed by Readline. For each NAME, specify how arguments are to be completed. If no options are supplied, existing completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them to be reused as input. Options: -p print existing completion specifications in a reusable format -r remove a completion specification for each NAME, or, if no NAMEs are supplied, all completion specifications -D apply the completions and actions as the default for commands without any specific completion defined -E apply the completions and actions to "empty" commands -- completion attempted on a blank line When completion is attempted, the actions are applied in the order the uppercase-letter options are listed above. The -D option takes precedence over -E. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.StoppedStopped (signal)Stopped (tty input)Stopped (tty output)Stopped(%s)Suspend shell execution. Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT signal. Unless forced, login shells cannot be suspended. Options: -f force the suspend, even if the shell is a login shell Exit Status: Returns success unless job control is not enabled or an error occurs.TIMEFORMAT: `%c': invalid format characterTerminatedThe mail in %s has been read There are running jobs. There are stopped jobs. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. This is free software; you are free to change and redistribute it. Type `%s -c "help set"' for more information about shell options. Type `%s -c help' for more information about shell builtin commands. Unknown Signal #Unknown Signal #%dUnknown errorUnknown statusUnset values and attributes of shell variables and functions. For each NAME, remove the corresponding variable or function. Options: -f treat each NAME as a shell function -v treat each NAME as a shell variable Without options, unset first tries to unset a variable, and if that fails, tries to unset a function. Some variables cannot be unset; also see `readonly'. Exit Status: Returns success unless an invalid option is given or a NAME is read-only.Urgent IO conditionUsage: %s [GNU long option] [option] ... %s [GNU long option] [option] script-file ... Use "%s" to leave the shell. Use the `bashbug' command to report bugs. User signal 1User signal 2Wait for job completion and return exit status. Waits for the process identified by ID, which may be a process ID or a job specification, and reports its termination status. If ID is not given, waits for all currently active child processes, and the return status is zero. If ID is a a job specification, waits for all processes in the job's pipeline. Exit Status: Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is given.Wait for process completion and return exit status. Waits for the specified process and reports its termination status. If PID is not given, all currently active child processes are waited for, and the return code is zero. PID must be a process ID. Exit Status: Returns the status of ID; fails if ID is invalid or an invalid option is given.Window changedWrite arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline. Options: -n do not append a newline Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs.Write arguments to the standard output. Display the ARGs on the standard output followed by a newline. Options: -n do not append a newline -e enable interpretation of the following backslash escapes -E explicitly suppress interpretation of backslash escapes `echo' interprets the following backslash-escaped characters: \a alert (bell) \b backspace \c suppress further output \e escape character \f form feed \n new line \r carriage return \t horizontal tab \v vertical tab \\ backslash \0nnn the character whose ASCII code is NNN (octal). NNN can be 0 to 3 octal digits \xHH the eight-bit character whose value is HH (hexadecimal). HH can be one or two hex digits Exit Status: Returns success unless a write error occurs.You have mail in $_You have new mail in $_[ arg... ][[ expression ]]`%c': bad command`%c': invalid format character`%c': invalid symbolic mode character`%c': invalid symbolic mode operator`%s': cannot unbind`%s': invalid alias name`%s': invalid keymap name`%s': missing format character`%s': not a pid or valid job spec`%s': not a valid identifier`%s': unknown function name`)' expected`)' expected, found %s`:' expected for conditional expressionadd_process: pid %5ld (%s) marked as still aliveadd_process: process %5ld (%s) in the_pipelinealias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]all_local_variables: no function context at current scopeargumentargument expectedarray variable support requiredattempted assignment to non-variablebad array subscriptbad command typebad connectorbad jumpbad substitution: no closing "`" in %sbad substitution: no closing `%s' in %sbash_execute_unix_command: cannot find keymap for commandbg [job_spec ...]bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-command] [keyseq:readline-function or readline-command]break [n]bug: bad expassign tokenbuiltin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]caller [expr]can only `return' from a function or sourced scriptcan only be used in a functioncannot allocate new file descriptor for bash input from fd %dcannot create temp file for here-document: %scannot duplicate fd %d to fd %dcannot duplicate named pipe %s as fd %dcannot find %s in shared object %s: %scannot make child for command substitutioncannot make child for process substitutioncannot make pipe for command substitutioncannot make pipe for process substitutioncannot open named pipe %s for readingcannot open named pipe %s for writingcannot open shared object %s: %scannot redirect standard input from /dev/null: %scannot reset nodelay mode for fd %dcannot set and unset shell options simultaneouslycannot set terminal process group (%d)cannot simultaneously unset a function and a variablecannot suspendcannot suspend a login shellcannot use `-f' to make functionscannot use more than one of -anrwcase WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esacchild setpgid (%ld to %ld)command [-pVv] command [arg ...]command_substitute: cannot duplicate pipe as fd 1compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [word]complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist] [-F function] [-C command] [-X filterpat] [-P prefix] [-S suffix] [name ...]completion: function `%s' not foundcompopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...]conditional binary operator expectedcontinue [n]coproc [NAME] command [redirections]could not find /tmp, please create!cprintf: `%c': invalid format charactercurrentdeleting stopped job %d with process group %lddescribe_pid: %ld: no such piddirectory stack emptydirectory stack indexdirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ...]division by 0dynamic loading not availableecho [-n] [arg ...]echo [-neE] [arg ...]empty array variable nameenable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]error getting terminal attributes: %serror importing function definition for `%s'error setting terminal attributes: %seval [arg ...]exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...]exit [n]expected `)'exponent less than 0export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -pexpression expectedexpression recursion level exceededfalsefc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]fg [job_spec]file descriptor out of rangefilename argument requiredfor (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; donefor NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; doneforked pid %d appears in running job %dfree: called with already freed block argumentfree: called with unallocated block argumentfree: start and end chunk sizes differfree: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of rangefunction name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }future versions of the shell will force evaluation as an arithmetic substitutiongetcwd: cannot access parent directoriesgetopts optstring name [arg]hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]hashing disabledhelp [-dms] [pattern ...]here-document at line %d delimited by end-of-file (wanted `%s')history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]history positionhistory specificationhits command identifier expected after pre-increment or pre-decrementif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fiinitialize_job_control: getpgrp failedinitialize_job_control: line disciplineinitialize_job_control: setpgidinvalid arithmetic baseinvalid baseinvalid character %d in exportstr for %sinvalid hex numberinvalid numberinvalid octal numberinvalid signal numberjob %d started without job controljob_spec [&]jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec]last command: %s let arg [arg ...]limitline %d: line editing not enabledlocal [option] name[=value] ...logout logout [n]loop countmake_here_document: bad instruction type %dmake_local_variable: no function context at current scopemake_redirection: redirection instruction `%d' out of rangemalloc: block on free list clobberedmalloc: failed assertion: %s mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]migrate process to another CPUmissing `)'missing `]'missing hex digit for \xnetwork operations not supportedno `=' in exportstr for %sno closing `%c' in %sno command foundno help topics match `%s'. Try `help help' or `man -k %s' or `info %s'.no job controlno job control in this shellno match: %sno other directoryno other options allowed with `-x'not currently executing completion functionnot login shell: use `exit'octal numberonly meaningful in a `for', `while', or `until' looppipe errorpop_scope: head of shell_variables not a temporary environment scopepop_var_context: head of shell_variables not a function contextpop_var_context: no global_variables contextpopd [-n] [+N | -N]power failure imminentprint_command: bad connector `%d'printf [-v var] format [arguments]progcomp_insert: %s: NULL COMPSPECprogramming errorpushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]pwd [-LP]read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]read error: %d: %sreadarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]realloc: called with unallocated block argumentrealloc: start and end chunk sizes differrealloc: underflow detected; mh_nbytes out of rangerecursion stack underflowredirection error: cannot duplicate fdregister_alloc: %p already in table as allocated? register_alloc: alloc table is full with FIND_ALLOC? register_free: %p already in table as free? restrictedreturn [n]run_pending_traps: bad value in trap_list[%d]: %prun_pending_traps: signal handler is SIG_DFL, resending %d (%s) to myselfsave_bash_input: buffer already exists for new fd %dselect NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; donesetlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s)setlocale: %s: cannot change locale (%s): %ssetlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s)setlocale: LC_ALL: cannot change locale (%s): %sshell level (%d) too high, resetting to 1shift [n]shift countshopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]sigprocmask: %d: invalid operationsource filename [arguments]start_pipeline: pgrp pipesuspend [-f]syntax errorsyntax error in conditional expressionsyntax error in conditional expression: unexpected token `%s'syntax error in expressionsyntax error near `%s'syntax error near unexpected token `%s'syntax error: `((%s))'syntax error: `;' unexpectedsyntax error: arithmetic expression requiredsyntax error: invalid arithmetic operatorsyntax error: operand expectedsyntax error: unexpected end of filesystem crash imminenttest [expr]time [-p] pipelinetimestoo many argumentstrap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]trap_handler: bad signal %dtruetype [-afptP] name [name ...]ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [limit]umask [-p] [-S] [mode]unalias [-a] name [name ...]unexpected EOF while looking for `]]'unexpected EOF while looking for matching `%c'unexpected EOF while looking for matching `)'unexpected argument `%s' to conditional binary operatorunexpected argument `%s' to conditional unary operatorunexpected argument to conditional binary operatorunexpected argument to conditional unary operatorunexpected token %d in conditional commandunexpected token `%c' in conditional commandunexpected token `%s' in conditional commandunexpected token `%s', conditional binary operator expectedunexpected token `%s', expected `)'unknownunknown command errorunset [-f] [-v] [name ...]until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; donevalue too great for basevariables - Names and meanings of some shell variableswait [id]wait [pid]wait: pid %ld is not a child of this shellwait_for: No record of process %ldwait_for_job: job %d is stoppedwaitchld: turning on WNOHANG to avoid indefinite blockwarning: warning: %s: %swarning: -C option may not work as you expectwarning: -F option may not work as you expectwhile COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; donewrite error: %sxtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d)xtrace_set: %d: invalid file descriptorxtrace_set: NULL file pointer{ COMMANDS ; }Project-Id-Version: bash 4.1 Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: POT-Creation-Date: 2011-01-28 22:09-0500 PO-Revision-Date: 2010-06-29 10:16+0800 Last-Translator: Alex Ye Language-Team: Chinese (simplified) MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;  等待输入超时:自动登出 -%s 或 -o 选项 -irsD 或 -c 命令 或 -O shopt选项 (仅适合调用) malloc: %s:%d: 断言已修补 (工作目录:%s)(吐核)行$%s: 无法这样赋值%c%c: 无效的选项%d: 无效的文件描述符: %s%s 可以被调用,通过%s 有空的 exportstr%s 是 %s %s 是函数 %s 是 shell 内嵌 %s 是 shell 关键字 %s 是 `%s' 的别名 %s 已被哈希 (%s) %s 未与任何键绑定。 %s 越界%s%s%s: %s (错误符号是 "%s")%s: %s 越界%s: %s: 坏的解释器%s: %s: 无法作为文件打开%s: %s: 追踪文件描述符的值无效%s: %s: 为关联数组赋值时必须使用下标%s: %s:%d: 无法分配 %lu 字节%s: %s:%d: 无法分配 %lu 字节 (%lu 字节已分配)%s: 模糊的任务声明%s: 模糊的重定向%s: 参数必须是进程或任务 ID%s: 坏的网络路径声明%s: 坏的替换%s: 期待二元表达式%s: 无法分配 %lu 字节%s: 无法分配 %lu 字节 (%lu 字节已分配)%s: 无法将文件描述符赋值给变量%s: 无法将链表赋值给数组成员%s: 无法为非数字的索引赋值%s: 无法将关联数组转化为索引数组%s: 无法将索引数组转化为关联数组%s: 无法创建: %s%s: 无法删除: %s%s: 无法以这种方式摧毁数组变量%s: 无法执行二进制文件%s: 无法执行: %s%s: 无法获取 limit 值: %s%s: 无法修改 limit 值: %s%s: 无法打开临时文件: %s%s: 无法打开: %s%s: 无法覆盖已存在的文件%s: 无法读取: %s%s: 无法反设定%s: 无法反设定: 只读 %s%s: 未找到命令%s: 获取当前目录时出错: %s: %s %s: 表达式错误 %s: 文件太大%s: 没有找到文件%s: 第一个非空字符不是 `"'%s: 哈希表为空 %s: 历史扩展失败%s: 未知主机%s: 非法选项 -- %c %s: inlib 失败%s: 期待整数表达式%s: 无效的动作名%s: 无效的数组基数%s: 无效的关联数组键%s: 无效的回调量子%s: 无效的文件描述符声明%s: 无效的 limit 参数%s: 无效的行数%s: 无效选项%s: 无效的选项名%s: 无效的服务%s: 无效的 shell 选项名%s: 无效的信号声明%s: 无效的超时声明%s: 是一个目录%s: 任务 %d 已在后台%s: 任务已经终止%s: 行 %d: %s: 缺少冒号分隔符%s: 没有补完声明%s: 无任务控制%s: 无此任务%s: 不是函数%s: 不是常规文件%s: 不是shell内建%s: 不是数组变量%s: 不是一个索引数组%s: 不是动态加载%s: 未找到%s: 需要数字参数%s: 选项需要一个参数%s: 选项需要一个参数 -- %c %s: 参数为空或未设置%s: 只读函数%s: 只读变量%s: 受限的%s: 受限的: 无法重定向输出%s: 受限的: 无法在命令名中使用 `/'%s: 子串表达式 < 0%s: 期待一元表达式%s: 为绑定变量%s: 用法:(( 表达式 ))(吐核)(当前工作目录:%s) . 文件名 [参数]没有网络时不支持 /dev/(tcp|udp)/host/port/tmp 必须为有效的目录名:<无当前目录>放弃指令放弃...将目录添加到栈中。 将目录添加到目录栈顶,或着旋转栈直到当前工作目录成为 新的栈顶。不带参数时,交换栈顶的两个目录。 选项: -n 抑制添加目录至栈时通常的改变目录操作,从而仅对栈 进行操作。 参数: +N 旋转栈从而第 N 个目录(`dirs' 显示的列表中左起,从零开始) 将移动到栈顶。 -N 旋转栈从而第 N 个目录(`dirs' 显示的列表中右起,从零开始) 将移动到栈顶。 dir 将 DIR 目录添加到栈顶,并且使其成为当前工作目录。 `dirs' 内嵌显示目录栈。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的参数或者目录转换失败。在目录栈顶部加入一个目录, 或者轮转 目录栈, 是当前工作目录成为新的栈顶 不带参数时,交换栈顶的两个目录. 选项: -n 抑制增加栈中目录时通常的改变目录的操作, 从而只有栈被操作。 参数: +N 轮转栈使得第N个目录(`dirs' 的 输出列表中左起,从0开始) 升至栈顶。 -N 轮转栈使得第N个目录(`dirs' 的 输出列表中右起,从0开始) 升至栈顶 dir 添加目录至栈顶,并 使其成为新的当前工作目录。 `dirs' 内嵌命令显示目录栈.报警(总结)报警(虚拟)闹钟算术 for 循环。 等价于 (( EXP1 )) while (( EXP2 )); do COMMANDS (( EXP3 )) done EXP1、EXP2 和 EXP3都是算术表达式。如果省略任何表达式, 则等同于使用了估值为1的表达式。 退出状态: 返回最后执行的命令的状态。断点追踪/陷阱坏的系统调用伪信号破裂的管道总线错误CPU 限制子进程已死或者停止常用 shell 变量名称和使用。 BASH_VERSION 当前 Bash 的版本信息。 CDPATH 用于 `cd' 命令参数搜索的分号分隔的目录列表 GLOBIGNORE 路径扩展时忽略的文件名匹配模式列表, 以分号分隔。 HISTFILE 您的命令历史存放的文件名称。 HISTFILESIZE 历史文件最多可以保存的行数。 HISTSIZE 一个运行的 shell 最多可以访问的历史命令行数。 HOME 您的登录目录的完整路径。 HOSTNAME 当前主机的主机名。 HOSTTYPE 当前版本的 BASH 在其之上运行的 CPU 类型。 IGNOREEOF 控制 shell 收到文件结束符作为单一输入后的 动作。如果设定这个变量,则它的值是 shell 退出之前在 一个空行上可以连续看到的文件结束符数量(默认为10)。 未设定时,文件结束符标志着输入的结束。 MACHTYPE 描述当前运行 Bash 的系统的字符串。 MAILCHECK Bash 检测新邮件的频率,以秒为单位。 MAILPATH Bash 从中检测新邮件的文件列表,以分号分隔。 OSTYPE 运行 Bash 的 Unix 版本。 PATH 当寻找命令时搜索的目录列表,以冒号分隔。 PROMPT_COMMAND 打印每一个主提示符之前执行的命 令。 PS1 主提示符字符串。 PS2 从提示符字符串。 PWD 当前目录的完整路径。 SHELLOPTS 已启用的 shell 选项列表,以冒号分隔。 TERM 当前终端类型的名称。 TIMEFORMAT 以关键则 `time' 显示的时间统计信息的输出 格式。 auto_resume 非空时,一个单独的命令词会首先被在当前 停止的任务列表中搜索。如果找到则该任务被置于前台。 如果值为 `exact' 则意味着命令词必须精确匹配停止任务 列表中的命令。如果值为 `substring' 则意味着命令词必 须匹配任务的一个子字符串。任何其他的值意味着命令词 必须是停止任务的一个前缀。 histchars 控制历史展开和快速替换的字符。第一个字符是 历史替换字符,通常是 `!'。第二个字符是快速替换字符, 通常是 `^'。第三个是历史注释字符,通常是 `#'。 HISTIGNORE 用于决定哪些命令被存入历史文件的模式 列表,以冒号分隔。 继续自由软件基金会 版权所有 2009 创建一个以 NAME 为名的副进程。 异步执行 COMMANDS 命令,在执行 shell 中的数组变量 NAME 的 0 号和 1 号元素作为文件描述符,以一个管道连接命令 分别作为命令的标准输出和输入设备。 默认的 NAME 是 "COPROC"。 退出状态: 返回 COMMAND 命令的退出状态。定义本地变量。 创建一个以 NAME 为名称的变量,并且将 VALUE 赋值给它。 OPTION 选项可以是任何能被 `declare' 接受的选项。 本地变量只能在函数内部被使用,它们只能在定义它们的函数内 部以及子函数中可见。 退出状态: 返回成功除非使用了无效的选项、发生了错误或者 shell 不在 执行一个函数。定义或显示别名。 不带参数时, `alias' 以可重用的格式 `alias 名称=值'在标准输出设备上打印别名列表。 否则,对于每个给定值的名称定义一个别名。 值末尾的空格会使下一个词被检测 作为别名替换展开。 选项: -p 以可重用的格式打印所有的已定义的别名 退出状态: 除非一个没有定义的名字被作为参数提供,否则 alias 返回值为真。定义 shell 函数。 创建一个以 NAME 为名的 shell 函数。当作为一个简单的命令启用时, NAME 函数执行调用 shell 的上下文中的 COMMANDs 命令。当 NAME 被启用时,参数作为 $1...$n 被传递给函数,函数的名字储存在变量 $FUNCNAME 中。 退出状态: 返回成功除非 NAME 为只读。显示目录栈。 显示当前记住的目录列表。通过 `pushd' 命令可以将目录存入列表 中;`popd' 命令可用于遍历列表。 选项: -c 删除所有元素以清空目录栈 -l 不打印与主目录相关的波浪号前缀的目录 -p 每行一个条目打印目录栈 -v 每行一个条目,以栈中位置为前缀打印目录栈 参数: +N 显示 dirs 不带选项启动时显示的目录列表左起中第 N 个目录,从零开始。 -N 显示 dirs 不带选项启动时显示的目录列表右起中第 N 个目录,从零开始。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者发生错误。显示内嵌命令的相关信息。 显示内嵌命令的简略信息。如果指定了 PATTERN 模式, 给出所有匹配 PATTERN 模式的命令的详细帮助,否则打 印一个帮助主题列表 选项: -d 输出每个主题的简短描述 -m 以伪 man 手册的格式显示使用方法 -s 为每一个匹配 PATTERN 模式的主题仅显示一个用法 简介 参数: PATTERN Pattern 模式指定一个帮助主题 退出状态: 返回成功,除非 PATTERN 模式没有找到或者使用了无效选项。显示命令类型的信息。 对于每一个 NAME 名称,指示如果作为命令它将如何被解释。 选项: -a 显示所有包含名称为 NAME 的可执行文件的位置; 包括别名、内嵌和函数。仅当 `-p' 选项没有使用时 -f 抑制 shell 函数查询 -P 为每个 NAME 名称惊醒 PATH 路径搜索,即使它是别名、 内嵌或函数,并且返回将被执行的磁盘上文件的名称。 -p 返回将被执行的磁盘上文件的名称,或者当 `type -t NAME' 不返回 `file' 时,不返回任何值。 -t 返回下列词中的任何一个`alias'、`keyword'、 `function'、`builtin'、`file'或者`',如果 NAME 是相应的 一个别名、shell 保留字、shell 函数、shell 内嵌、 磁盘文件或没有找到。 参数: NAME 将要解析的命令。 退出状态: 如果所有的 NAME 命令都找到则返回成功;任何找不到则失败。从历史列表中显示或者执行命令。 fc 被用于从历史列表中列出或者重新编辑并执行命令。 FIRST 和 LAST 变量可以是数字用于指定范围,或者 FIRST 可以是 字符串,意味着以这个字符串打头的最近的一个命令。 选项: -e ENAME 选择使用哪个编辑器。默认的是 FCEDIT, 然后是 EDITOR, 然后是 vi -l 列出行而不编辑 -n 列举时省略行号 -r 反转行的顺序(最新行在前) 用 `fc -s [模式=替换 ...] [命令]' 的格式,COMMAND 命令会在 OLD=NEW 替换之后被重新执行。 r='fc -s' 是一个有用的别名,这样的话输入 `r cc'会执行最后一个以 `cc' 开头的命令,输入 `r'会重新执行最后一个命令。 退出状态: 返回成功,或者执行的命令的状态;如果错误发生则返回非零。显示或操纵历史列表。 带行号显示历史列表,将每个被修改的条目加上前缀 `*'。 参数 N 会仅列出最后的 N 个条目。 选项: -c 删除所有条目从而清空历史列表。 -d 偏移量 从指定位置删除历史列表。 -a 将当前绘画的历史行追加到历史文件中 -n 从历史文件中读取所有未被读取的行 -r 读取历史文件并将内容追加到历史列表中 中 -w 将当前历史写入到历史文件中 并追加到历史列表中 -p 对每一个 ARG 参数展开历史并显示结果 而不存储到历史列表中 -s 以单条记录追加 ARG 到历史列表中 如果给定了 FILENAME 文件名,则它将被作为历史文件。否则 如果 $HISTFILE 变量有值的话使用之,不然使用 ~/.bash_history 文件。 如果 $HISTTIMEFORMAT 变量被设定并且不为空,它的值会被用于 strftime(3) 的格式字符串来打印与每一个显示的历史条目想关联的时 间戳,否则不打印时间戳。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者发生错误。显示或设定文件模式掩码。 设定用户文件创建掩码为 MODE 模式。如果省略了 MODE,则 打印当前掩码的值。 如果MODE 模式以数字开头,则被当作八进制数解析;否则是一个 chmod(1) 可接收的符号模式串。 选项: -p 如果省略 MDOE 模式,以可重用为输入的格式输入 -S 以符号形式输出,否则以八进制数格式输出 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的 MODE 模式或者选项。依据选项显示可能的补完。 意图在能产生可能的补完的 shell 函数内部使用。 如果提供了可选的 WORD 参数,则产生按照 WORD 进行的匹配。 退出状态: 除非使用了无效选项或者错误发生,否则返回成功。显示进程时间 打印 shell 及其所有子进程的累计用户空间和 系统空间执行时间。 退出状态 总是成功。显示任务状态。 列出活动的任务。JPBSPEC 限制仅输出指定的任务。 不带选项时,所有活动任务的状态都会显示。 选项: -l 在正常信息基础上列出进程号 -n 列出上次通告之后改变了状态的进程 -p 仅列出进程号 -r 限制仅输出运行中的任务 -s 限制仅输出停止的任务 如果使用了 -x 选项,ARG 参数中的所有任务声明会被替换为该任务 的进程组头领的进程号,然后执行 COMMAND 命令。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者有错误发生。 如果使用 -x选项,则返回 COMMAND 命令的退出状态。显示当前记住的目录列表. 目录 通过 `pushd' 命令加入这个列表; 您可以 使用 `popd' 命令对列表进行遍历. 选项: -c 删除所有元素以清除目录栈 -l 不打印与家目录相关的以波浪号 为前缀的目录 -p 每行一个条目打印目录栈 -v 以栈位置为前缀,每行一个条目 打印目录栈 参数: +N 以 dirs 不带选项输出的顺序显示列表从左起第N个条目, 从 0 开始. -N 以 dirs 不带选项输出的顺序显示列表从右起第N个项目, 从 0 开始.完成完成 (%d)模拟器陷阱指令启用和禁用 shell 内嵌。 启用和禁用 shell 的内嵌命令。禁用使您能够执行一个和内嵌 命令同名的磁盘上的命令,而无须使用完整的路径名。 选项: -a 打印一个内嵌的列表,并显示其中每一个是否启用 -n 禁用每一个 NAME 内嵌或者显示一个被禁用的内嵌的列表 -p 以可重用的格式打印一个内嵌的列表 -s 仅打印Posix `special' 内嵌的名称 控制动态加载的选项: -f 从共享对象 FILENAME 文件中加载 NAME 内嵌 -d 删除以 -f 选项加载的内嵌 不带选项时,每一个 NAME 内嵌都被启用。 如果要使用 $PATH 中找到的 `test' 而不是 shell 内嵌的版本, 输入 `enable -n test'。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非 NAME 不是一个 shell 内嵌或者有错误发生。估值算术表达式。 表达式按照算术法则进行估值。 等价于 "let 表达式". 退出状态 如果表达式估值为0则返回 1;否则返回0。估值条件表达式。 是内嵌命令 "test" 的同义词,但是最后一个参数必须是 字符 `]',以匹配起始的 `['。执行一个简单命令或者显示命令的相关信息。 带 ARGS 参数运行 COMMAND 命令且抑制 shell 函数查询,或显示 指定的 COMMAND 命令的信息。可以在存在相同名称的函数定义的 情况下被用于启动磁盘上的命令。 选项: -p 使用 PATH 变量的一个默认值以确保所有的标准工具 都能被找到。 -v 打印 COMMAND 命令的描述,和 `type' 内嵌相似 -V 打印每个 COMMAND 命令的详细描述 退出状态 返回 COMMAND 命令的返回状态,或者当找不到 COMMAND 命令时失败。将参数作为 shell 命令执行。 将 ARGs 合成一个字符串,用结果作为 shell 的输入, 并且执行得到的命令。 退出状态: 以命令的状态退出,或者在命令为空的情况下返回成功。当测试不同过时执行命令。 `until' COMMANDS 命令的最终命令返回状态不为 0 时, 展开并执行 COMMANDS 命令。 退出状态: 返回最后一个执行的命令的状态。只要测试成功即执行命令。 只要在 `while' COMMANDS 中的最终命令返回结果为0,则 展开并执行 COMMANDS 命令。 退出状态: 返回最后一个执行的命令的状态。根据条件执行命令。 `if COMMANDS'列表被执行。如果退出状态为零,则执行`then COMMANDS' 列表。否则按顺序执行每个 `elif COMMANDS'列表,并且如果它的退出状态为 零,则执行对应的 `then COMMANDS' 列表并且 if 命令终止。否则如果存在的 情况下,执行 `else COMMANDS'列表。整个结构的退出状态是最后一个执行 的命令的状态,或者如果没有条件测试为真的话,为零。 退出状态: 返回最后一个执行的命令的状态。基于模式匹配来执行命令。 基于 PATTERN 模式匹配的词 WORD,有选择的执行 COMMANDS 命令。 `|' 用于分隔多个模式。 退出状态: 返回最后一个执行的命令的状态。为列表中的每个成员执行命令。 `for' 循环为列表中的每个成员执行一系列的命令。如果没有 `in WORDS ...;'则假定使用 `in "$@"'。对于 WORDS 中的每 个元素,NAME 被设定为该元素,并且执行 COMMANDS 命令。 退出状态: 返回最后执行的命令的状态。在当前 shell 中执行一个文件中的命令。 在当前 shell 中读取并执行 FILENAME 文件中的命令。$PATH 变量中的 条目被用于寻找包含 FILENAME 文件的目录。如果提供了任何的 ARGUMENTS 参数,则它们将成为 FILENAME 文件执行时的位置参数。 退出状态: 返回 FILENAME 文件中最后一个命令的状态;如果 FILENAME 文件不可读则失败。执行条件命令。 根据条件表达式 EXPRESSION 的估值返回状态0或1。表达式按照 `test' 内嵌的相同条件组成,或者可以有下列操作符连接而成: ( EXPRESSION ) 返回 EXPRESSION 表达式的值 ! EXPRESSION 如果 EXPRESSION表达式为假则为真,否则为假 EXPR1 && EXPR2 如果 EXPR1 和 EXPR2 表达式均为真则为真,否则为假 EXPR1 || EXPR2 如果 EXPR1 和 EXPR2 表达式中有一个为真则为真,否则为假 当使用 `==' 和 `!=' 操作符时,操作符右边的字符串被用作模式并且执行一个 匹配。当使用 `=~' 操作符时,操作符右边的字符串被当作正则表达式来进行 匹配。 操作符 && 和 || 将不对 EXPR2 表达式进行估值,如果 EXPR1 表达式足够确定 整个表达式的值。 退出状态: 根据 EXPRESSION 的值为0或1。执行 shell 内嵌。 带参数 ARGs 执行 SHELL-BUILTIN 内嵌,并且不做命令查询 在希望以 shell 函数的形式来重新实现 shell 内嵌, 并且希望在函数之内执行该 shell 内嵌的情况下有用处。 退出状态: 以 SHELL-BUILTIN 内嵌的退出状态为准,或者如果 SHELL-BUILTIN不是一个 shell 内嵌时 为假。.退出 %d退出一个登录 shell. 以状态 N 退出一个登录 shell。如果不在登录 shell 中执行,则 返回一个错误。退出 for、while、或 until 循环 退出一个 FOR、WHILE 或 UNTIL 循环。如果指定了N,则打破N重 循环 退出状态: 退出状态为0除非 N 不大于或等于 1。退出shell。 以状态 N 退出 shell。 如果 N 被省略,则退出状态 为最后一个执行的命令的退出状态。文件限制浮点数异常GNU bash, 版本 %s (%s) GNU bash,版本 %s-(%s) GNU 常选项: 将命令组合为一个单元。 运行组中的命令集合。这是对整个命令集合 做重定向的方法之一。 退出状态: 返回最后一个执行的命令的状态。HFT输入数据挂起HFT显示器模式授与HFT显示器模式撤销HFT声音序列已完成HOME 未设定挂断没有名字!输入输出准备完毕非法的指令状态请求中断已杀死许可证 GPLv2+: GNU GPL 许可证版本2或者更高 许可证 GPLv3+: GNU GPL 许可证版本3或者更高 标记 shell 变量为不可改变。 标记每一个 NAME 名称为只读;这些 NAME 变量的值将不可以被后续的赋值 操作所改变。如果提供了 VALUE,则在标记为只读之前将 VALUE 值赋给变量。 选项: -a 指下标数组变量 -A 指关联数组标量 -f 指 shell 函数 -p 显示只读变量和函数列表 `--' 的参数禁用进一步的选项处理。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者 NAME 名称。修改 shell 资源限制。 在允许此类控制的系统上,提供对于 shell 及其创建的进程所可用的 资源的控制。 选项: -S 使用 `soft'(软)资源限制 -H 使用 `hard'(硬)资源限制 -a 所有当前限制都被报告 -b 套接字缓存尺寸 -c 创建的核文件的最大尺寸 -d 一个进程的数据区的最大尺寸 -e 最高的调度优先级(`nice') -f 有 shell 及其子进程可以写的最大文件尺寸 -i 最多的可以挂起的信号数 -l 一个进程可以锁定的最大内存尺寸 -m 最大的内存进驻尺寸 -n 最多的打开的文件描述符个数 -p 管道缓冲区尺寸 -q POSIX 信息队列的最大字节数 -r 实时调度的最大优先级 -s 最大栈尺寸 -t 最大的CPU时间,以秒为单位 -u 最大用户进程数 -v 虚拟内存尺寸 -x 最大的锁数量 如果提供了 LIMIT 变量,则它为指定资源的新的值;特别的 LIMIT 值为 `soft'、`hard'和`unlimited',分别表示当前的软限制,硬限制和无限制。 否则打印指定资源的当前限制值,不带选项则假定为 -f 取值都是1024字节为单位,除了 -t 以秒为单位,-p 以512字节为单位, -u 以无范围的进程数量。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者错误发生。将任务移至前台。 将以 JOB_SPEC 标识的任务放至前台,使其成为 当前任务。如果 JOB_SPEC 不存在,shell 观念中的当前任务 将被使用。 退出状态: 放至前台的命令状态,或者当错误发生时为失败。移动任务至后台。 将 JOB_SPEC 标识的任务放至后台,就像它们 是带 `&' 启动的一样。如果 JOB_SPEC 不存在,shell 观念中的 当前任务将会被使用。 退出状态: 返回成功除非任务管理没有启用或者错误发生。空的命令。 没有效果; 此命令不做任何操作。 退出状态: 总是成功。OLDPWD 未设定解析选项参数。 Getopts 被 shell 过程用于解析可定位的参数作为选项。 OPTSTRING 字符串包含待识别的选项字母;如果一个字母后面跟 着分号,则该选项期待一个参数,而该参数应用空格与选项分开。 每次启动时,getopts 会将下一个选项放到 shell 变量 $name 中,如果 name 变量不存在则先将其初始化,而下一个待处 理的参数序号放入 shell 变量 OPTIND 中。OPTIND 变量在每 次 shell 或者 shell 脚本启动时都被初始化为1。当一个选项要 求有一个参数时,getopts 将参数放入 shell 变量 OPTARG 中。 getopts 有两种报告错误的方法。如果 OPTSTRING 变量的第 一个字符是冒号,getopts 使用沉默错误报告。在这种模式 下,不会打印错误消息。如果看到了一个无效的选项, getopts 将找到的选项字符放至 OPTARG 变量中。如果一个必 须的选项没有找到,getopts 放一个 ':' 到 NAME 变量中并且设 置 OPTARG 变量为找到的选项字符。如果 getopts 不在沉默模 式中,并且遇到了一个无效的选项,getopts 放置一个 '?' 到 NAME 变量中并且反设定 OPTARG变量。如果必须的选项没有找到, 一个'?'会被放入 NAME变量中,OPTARG 将被反设定,并且会 打印一个诊断信息。 如果 shell 变量 OPTERR 的值为0,getopts 禁用 错误信息的打印,即使 OPTSTRING 变量的第一个字符不是一 个冒号。OPTERR 的默认值为1. Getopts 通常解析可定位的参数($0 - $9),不过如果提供了 更多的参数,它们反而会被解析。 退出状态: 如果一个选项被找到则返回成功;如果遇到了选项的结尾或者 有错误发生则返回失败。打印当前工作目录的名字。 选项: -L 打印 $PWD 变量的值,如果它命名了当前的 工作目录 -P 打印当前的物理路径,不带有任何的符号链接 默认情况下,`pwd' 的行为和带 `-L' 选项一致 退出状态: 除非使用了无效选项或者当前目录不可读,否则 返回状态为0。退出从标准输入读取一行并将其分为不同的域。 从标准输入读取单独的一行,或者如果使用了 -u 选项,从文件描 述 FD 中读取。该行被分割成域,如同词语分割一样,并且 第一个词被赋值给第一个 NAME 变量,第二个词被赋值给第二个 NAME 变量,如此继续,直到剩下所有的词被赋值给最后一个 NAME 变量。只有 $IFS 变量中的字符被认作是词语分隔符。 如果没有提供 NAME 变量,则读取的行被存放在 REPLY 变量中。 选项: -a array 将词语赋值给 ARRAY 数组变量的序列下标成员,从 零开始。 -d delim 持续读取直到读入 DELIM 变量中的第一个字符,而不是 换行符 -e 在一个交互式 shell 中使用 readline 获取行 -i text 使用 TEXT 文本作为 readline 的初始文字 -n nchars 读取 nchars 个字符之后返回,而不是等到读取 换行符,但是分隔符仍然有效,如果遇到分隔符之前读 取了不足 nchars 个字符 -N nchars 在准确读取了 nchars 个字符之后返回,除非遇到 了文件结束符或者读超时,任何的分隔符都被忽略 -p prompt 在尝试读取之前输出 PROMPT 提示符并且不带 换行符 -r 不允许反斜杠转义任何字符 -s 不显示终端的任何输入 -t timeout 如果在 TIMEOUT 秒内没有读取一个完整的行则 超时并且返回失败。TMOUT 变量的值是默认的超时时间。 TIMEOUT 可以是小数。如果 TIMEOUT 是0,那么仅当在 指定的文件描述符上输入有效的时候,read 才返回成功。 如果超过了超时时间,则返回状态码大于128 -u fd 从文件描述符 FD 中读取,而不是标准输入 退出状态: 返回码为零,除非遇到了文件结束符,读超时,或者无效的文 件描述符作为参数传递给了 -u 选项。从一个文件中读取行到数组变量中 一个 `mapfile'的同义词。记录锁记住或显示程序位置。 确定并记住每一个给定 NAME 名称的命令的完整路径。如果 不提供参数,则显示已经记住的命令的信息。 选项: -d 忘记每一个已经记住的命令的位置 -l 以可作为输入重用的格式显示 -p pathname 使用 pathname 路径作为 NAME 命令的全路径 -r 忘记所有记住的位置 -t 打印记住的每一个 NAME 名称的位置,如果指定了多个 NAME 名称,则每个位置前面会加上相应的 NAME 名称 参数: NAME 每个 NAME 名称会在 $PATH 路径变量中被搜索,并 且添加到记住的命令的列表中。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非 NAME 命令没有找到或者使用了无效的选项。从栈中删除目录。 从目录栈中删除条目。不带参数时,删除栈顶目录,并改变至新的栈 顶目录。 选项: -n 抑制从栈中删除目录时通常的目录变换操作,从而仅对栈 进行操作。 参数: +N 删除第 N 个目录(`dirs' 显示的目录列表中左起,从零开始)。 例如: `popd +0' 删除第一个目录,popd +1' 删除第二个。 -N 删除第 N 个目录(`dirs' 显示的目录列表中右起,从零开始)。 例如: `popd -0'删除最后一个目录,,`popd -1' 删除倒数第二个。 `dirs' 内嵌显示目录栈。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的参数或者目录变换失败。从别名定义列表中删除每一个“名字‘。 选项: -a 删除所有的别名定义. 返回成功,除非“名字“不是一个已存在的别名。从当前 shell 中删除任务。 从活动任务表中删除每一个 JOBSPEC 参数。不带任何 JOBSPEC 参数时,shell 使用观念中的当前任务。 选项: -a 如果不提供 JOBSPEC 参数,则删除所有任务 -h 标识每个 JOBSPEC 任务,从而当 shell 接收到 SIGHUP 信号时不发送 SIGHUP 给指定任务 -r 仅删除运行中的任务 退出状态: 返回成功除非使用了无效的选项或者 JOBSPEC 声明。从目录栈中删除条目。不带参数时,删除 栈顶目录并改变至新的栈顶目录。 选项: -n 抑制从栈中删除目录时通常的改变目录操作, 从而只有栈被操作。 参数: +N 从 `dirs' 输出的列表中, 删除左起第N个条目,计数从0开始。例如:`popd +0' 删除第一个目录, `popd +1' 删除第二个。 -N 从 `dirs' 输出的列表中, 删除右起第N个条目,计数从0开始,例如:`popd -0' 删除最后一个条目, `popd -1' 删除倒数第二个。 `dirs' 内嵌变量显示目录栈。使用指定命令替换 shell。 执行 COMMAND 命令,以指定的程序替换这个 shell。 ARGUMENTS 参数成为 COMMAND命令的参数。如果 没有指定COMMAND 命令,则任何的重定向在当前 shell 中生效。 选项: -a 名称 作为第0个参数传递给 COMMAND 命令 -c 在一个空环境中执行 COMMAND 命令 -l 在COMMAND 命令的第0个参数中加一个短线 如果命令不能被执行,则退出一个非交互式的 shell,除非 shell 选项`execfail' 已经设定。 退出状态: 返回成功除非 COMMAND 命令没有找到或者出现一个重定向错误。报告管道执行的消耗时间。 执行 PIPELINE 并且打印 PIPELINE 终结时实际时间、用户 CPU 时间和系统 CPU 时间的总结。 选项: -p 用可迁移的 POSIX 格式打印用时总结。 TIMEFORMAT 变量的值被作为输出格式。 退出状态: 返回状态即PIPELINE 的返回状态。继续 for、while、或 until 循环。 继续当前 FOR、WHILE 或 UNTIL 循环的下一步。 如果指定了 N, 则继续当前的第 N 重循环。 退出状态: 退出状态为 0 除非 N 不大于或等于1。在前台继续任务 对于 JOB_SPEC 参数来说和 `fg' 命令等同。继续一个 停止的或者后台任务。JOB_SPEC 可以指定一个任务 名字或任务号。在 JOB_SPEC 后加上一个 `&' 将会把 任务放至后台,就像任务声明被作为 `bg' 命令的参数 执行一样。 退出状态: 返回被继续的任务的状态。返回一个成功结果。 退出状态: 总是成功返回一个不成功的结果。 退出状态: 总是失败。从一个 shell 函数返回。 使一个函数或者被引用的脚本以指定的返回值 N 退出。 如果 N 被省略,则返回状态就是 函数或脚本中的最后一个执行的命令的状态。 退出状态: 返回 N,或者如果 shell 不在执行一个函数或引用脚本时,失败。返回当前子调用的上下文。 不带有 EXPR 时,返回 "$line $filename"。带有 EXPR 时,返回 "$line $subroutine $filename";这个额外的信息可以被用于提供 栈追踪。 EXPR 的值 显示了到当前调用帧需要回去多少个调用帧;顶部帧 是第 0 帧。 退出状态: 除非 shell 不在执行一个 shell 函数或者 EXPR 无效,否则返回结 果为0。返回当前子例程调用的上下文 不带 EXPR 时, 返回运行中段错误从列表中选取词并且执行命令。 WORDS 变量被展开,生成一个词的列表。展开的词集合被打印 在标准错误输出设备上,每个以一个数字做前缀。如果没有 `in WORDS' 则假定使用`in "$@"'。PS3提示符会被显示并且从标准输入读入一行 如果该行由被显示的词对应的数字组成,则 NAME 变量被设定为相应 的词。如果行为空,则 WORDS 变量和提示符被重新显示。如果读取了 文件结束符,则命令完成。读入任何其他的值会导致 NAME 变量被设定 为空。读入的行被存放在变量 REPLY 中。COMMANDS 命令在每次选择 之后执行直到执行一个 break 命令。 退出状态: 返回最后一个执行的命令的状态。向一个任务发送一个信号。 向以 PID 进程号或者 JOBSPEC 任务声明指定的进程发送一个以 SIGSPEC 信号声明或 SIGNUM 信号编号命名的信号。如果没有指定 SIGSPEC 或 SIGNUM,那么假定发送 SIGTERM 信号。 选项: -s sig SIG 是信号名称 -n sig SIG 是信号编号 -l 列出信号名称;如果参数后跟 `-l'则被假设为信号编号, 而相应的信号名称会被列出 Kill 成为 shell 内嵌有两个理由:它允许使用任务编号而不是进程号, 并且在可以创建的进程数上限达到是允许进程被杀死。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者有错误发生。设定行读取键绑定和变量。 绑定一个键序列到一个行读取函数或者宏,或者设定一个 行读取变量。非选项参数的语法和 ~/.inputrc 文件中的等 同,但是必须作为一个参数被传递, 例如,bind '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'. 选项: -m 键映射 在此命令执行过程中使用指定的键映射。 可以被接受的键映射名字有 emacs、 emacs-standard、emacs-meta、emacs-ctlx、vi、 vi-move、vi-command、和 vi-insert。 -l 列出函数名称。 -P 列出函数名称和绑定。 -p 以可以重新用作输入的格式列出函数名称和 绑定。 -S 列出可以启动宏的键序列以及它们的值 -s 以可以重新用作输入的格式列出可以启动宏 的键以及它们的值。 -V 列出变量名成和它们的值 -v 以可以重新用作输入的格式列出变量的名称 和它们的值 -q 函数名 查询指定的函数可以由哪些键启动。 -u 函数名 反绑定所有绑定至指定函数的键。 -r 键序列 取消指定键序列的绑定。 -f 文件名 从指定文件中读取键绑定。 -x 键序列:shell命令 当指定的键序列被输入时,执行 指定的shell命令 退出状态: 除非使用了无法辨认的选项或者错误发生,否则返回0.设定和反设定 shell 选项。 改变每个 shell 选项 OPTNAME的设定。不带参数 时,列出所有 shell 选项并标注每一个选项是否被 设定。 选项: -o 限制 OPTNAME 为定义用于`set -o' 的选项 -p 打印每个 shell 选项并标注它的状态。 -q 抑制输出 -s 启用(设定)每个 OPTNAME 选项 -u 禁用(反设定)每个 OPTNAME 选项 退出状态: 如果 OPTNAME 选项被启用则返回成功;如果是 无效的选项或OPTNAME 被禁用则失败。为 shell 变量设定导出属性。 标记每个 NAME 名称为自动导出到后续命令执行的环境。如果提供了 VALUE 则导出前将 VALUE 作为赋值。 选项: -f 指 shell 函数 -n 删除每个 NAME 名称的导出属性 -p 显示所有导出的变量和函数的列表 `--' 的参数禁用进一步的选项处理。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者 NAME 名称。设置变量的值和属性。 废弃。参见 `help declare'。Shell命令匹配关键字`Shell 选项: 移位位置参数。 重命名位置参数 $N+1、$N+2 ... 到 $1、$2 ... 如果没有给定 N, 则假设为1. 退出状态: 返回成功,除非 N 为负或者大于 $#。信号 %d声明 readline 如何完成读取参数。 声明对于每一个 NAME 名称如何完成读取参数。如果不带选项, 现有的补完声明会以可以重用为输入的格式打印出来。 选项: -p 以可重用的格式打印现有的补完声明。 -r r对于每个 NAME 名称删除补完声明,或者如果没有提供 NAME 名称,删除所有的补完声明。 -D 对于没有补完声明定义的命令,设定默认的补完动作 -E 对于 "empty" 命令设定补完动作,—— 对于空行的补完。 尝试补完时,按照上述大写字母选项的顺序进行动作。-D 选项优先 级高于 -E 选项。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者错误发生。已停止已停止(信号)已停止 (tty 输入)已停止 (tty 输出)已停止 (%s)挂起 shell 执行。 挂起 shell 的执行直到收到 SIGCONT 信号。 登录 shell 不可以被挂起,除非强制执行。 选项: -f 强制挂起,即使是登录 shell。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非没有启用任务控制或者有错误发生。时间格式: `%c': 无效的格式字符已终止%s 中的邮件已被阅读 有运行中的任务。 有停止的任务。 在法律允许的范围内没有担保. 这些 shell 命令是内部定义的。请输入 `help' 以获取一个列表. 输入 `help 名称' 以得到有关函数`名称'的更多信息. 使用 `info bash' 来获得关于 shell 的更多一般性信息 使用 `man -k' 或 `info' 来获取不在列表中的命令的更多信息. 名称旁边的星号 (*) 意味着该命令被禁用. 这是自由软件,您可以自由地更改和重新发布。 请输入`%s -c "help set"' 以获得关于 shell 选项的更多信息 请输入 `%s -c help' 以获得关于 shell 内嵌命令的更多信息. 未知信号 #未知信号 #%d未知错误未知状态反设定 shell 变量和函数的值和属性。 对每一个 NAME 名称,删除对应的变量或函数。 选项: -f 将每个 NAME 名称当作函数对待 -v 将每个 NAME 名称当作变量对待 不带选项时,unset 首先尝试反设定一个变量,如果 失败,再尝试反设定一个函数。 某些变量不可以被反设定;请查看 `readonly'。 退出状态: 返回成功,除非使用了无效的选项或者 NAME 名称为只读。紧急输入输出情形用法: %s [GNU 长选项] [选项] ... %s [GNU 长选项] [选项] 脚本文件 ... 使用 "%s" 退出 shell 。 请使用`bashbug' 命令来报告错误. 用户定义信号1用户定义信号2等待任务完成并返回退出状态。 等待以 ID 编号识别的进程,其中ID 可以是进程编号或者任务声明, 并报告它的终止状态。如果 ID 没有给出,则等待所有的当前活跃子 进程,并且返回状态为零。如果 ID 是任务声明,等待任务管道中的 所有进程。 退出状态: 返回 ID 进程的状态;如果使用了无效的 ID 或者选项则失败。等待进程完成并且返回退出状态。 等待指定进程并报告它的终止状态。如果 没有提供PID,则当前所有的活跃子进程都会被等待, 并且返回码为零。PID必须为进程号。 退出状态: 返回进程ID的状态;如果ID是无效的进程号或者指定了无效 的选项则失败。窗口改变写参数至标准输出设备。 在标准输出设备上显示 ARGs 参数和一个换行。 选项: -n 不附加换行 退出状态: 除非写错误发生,否则返回成功。将参数写到标准输出。 在标准输出上显示 ARG 参数后跟一个换行。 选项: -n 不要追加换行 -e 启用下列反斜杠转义的解释 -E 显式地抑制对于反斜杠转义的解释 `echo' 对下列反斜杠字符进行转义: \a 警告(响铃) \b 退格 \c 抑制更多的输出 \e 转义字符 \f 格式提供 \n 换行 \r 回车 \t 横向制表符 \v 纵向制表符 \\ 反斜杠 \0nnn 以 NNN (八进制)为 ASCII 码的字符。 NNN 可以是 0到3个八进制数字 \xHH 以 HH (十六进制)为值的八比特字符。HH可以是 一个或两个十六进制数字 退出状态: 返回成功除非有写错误发生。您在 $_ 中有邮件您在 $_ 中有新邮件[ 参数... ][[ 表达式 ]]`%c': 坏的命令`%c': 无效格式字符`%c': 无效的符号状态字符`%c': 无效的符号状态运算符`%s': 无法解除绑定`%s': 无效的别名`%s': 无效的键映射名`%s': 缺少格式字符`%s': 不是有效的进程号或者任务声明`%s': 不是有效的标识符`%s': 未知函数名期待 `)'期待`)' , 得到 %s条件表达式期待 `:'add_process: 进程号 %5ld(%s) 标注为仍活着add_process: 进程 %5ld(%s) 进入 the_pipelinealias [-p] [名称[=值] ... ]all_local_variables: 当前作用域中没有函数上下文参数期待参数需要数组变量支持尝试给非变量赋值坏的数组下标坏的命令类型坏的条件连接符坏的跳转坏的替换:在 %s 中没有闭合的 "`"坏的替换:在 %2$s 中没有闭合的 `%1$s'bash_execute_unix_command: 无法为命令找到键映射bg [任务声明 ...]bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m 键映射] [-f 文件名] [-q 名称] [-u 名称] [-r 键序列] [-x 键序列:shell命令] [键序列:行读取函数 或 行读取命令]break [n]错误:坏的表达式赋值符号builtin [shell 内嵌 [参数 ...]]caller [表达式]只能从函数或者源脚本`返回'只能在函数中使用无法从文件描述符 %d 为 bash 的输入获取一个新的文件描述符无法为立即文档创建临时文件: %s无法复制文件描述符 %d 到 文件描述符 %d无法将命名管道 %s 作为文件描述符 %d 复制无法在共享对象 %2$s 中找到 %1$s: %3$s无法为命令替换创建子进程无法为进程替换创建子进程无法为命令替换创建管道无法为进程替换创建管道无法打开命名管道 %s 进行读取无法打开命名管道 %s 进行写入无法打开共享对象 %s: %s无法从 /dev/null 重定向标准输入: %s无法为文件描述符 %d 重置nodelay模式无法同时设定和反设定 shell 选项无法设定终端进程组 (%d)无法同时反设定一个函数和一个变量无法挂起无法挂起一个登录shell无法用 `-f' 生成函数最多只能使用 -anrw 选项中的一个case 词 in [模式 [| 模式]...) 命令 ;;]... esac子进程 setpgid (%ld 到 %ld)command [-pVv] 命令 [参数 ...]command_substitute: 无法将管道复制为文件描述符1compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o 选项] [-A 动作] [-G 全局模式] [-W 词语列表] [-F 函数] [-C 命令] [-X 过滤模式] [-P 前缀] [-S 后缀] [词语]complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o 选项] [-A 动作] [-G 全局模式] [-W 词语列表] [-F 函数] [-C 命令] [-X 过滤模式] [-P 前缀] [-S 后缀] [名称 ...]补完: 未找到函数 `%s'compopt [-o|+o 选项] [-DE] [名称 ...]期待二元条件运算符continue [n]coproc [名称] 命令 [重定向]无法找到 /tmp ,请创建cprintf: `%c': 无效的格式字符当前删除进程组 %2$ld 中已停止的任务 %1$ddescribe_pid: %ld: 无此进程号目录栈为空目录栈索引dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]disown [-h] [-ar] [任务声明 ...]除0动态加载不可用echo [-n] [参数 ...]echo [-neE] [参数 ...]空数组变量名enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f 文件名] [名称 ...]获取终端属性时出错: %s`%s' 函数定义导入错误设定终端属性时出错: %seval [参数 ...]exec [-cl] [-a 名称] [命令 [参数 ...]] [重定向 ...]exit [n]期待 `)'指数小于0export [-fn] [名称[=值] ...] 或 export -p期待表达式表达式递归层次越界伪fc [-e 编辑器名] [-lnr] [起始] [终结] 或 fc -s [模式=替换串] [命令]fg [任务声明]文件描述符超出范围需要文件名参数for (( 表达式1; 表达式2; 表达式3 )); do 命令; donefor 名称 [in 词语 ... ] ; do 命令; done生成的进程号 %d 显示为运行中的任务 %dfree: 用已经释放的块作为参数被调用free: 用未分配的块作为参数被调用free: 起始和终结块大小不一致free: 检测到下溢; mh_nbytes越界function 名称 { 命令 ; } 或 name () { 命令 ; }未来版本的 shell 会强制估值为算数替换getcwd: 无法访问父目录getopts 选项字符串 名称 [参数]hash [-lr] [-p 路径名] [-dt] [名称 ...]哈希已禁用help [-dms] [模式 ...]立即文档在第 %d 行被文件结束符分隔 (需要 `%s')history [-c] [-d 偏移量] [n] 或 history -anrw [文件名] 或 history -ps 参数 [参数...]历史位置历史声明命中 命令 预增符或预减符后应跟有标识符if 命令; then 命令; [ elif 命令; then 命令; ]... [ else 命令; ] fiinitialize_job_control: getpgrp 失败initialize_job_control: 行规则initialize_job_control: setpgid无效的算数进制无效的基%2$s 的 exportstr 中有无效的字符 %1$d无效的十六进制数无效数字无效的八进制数无效的信号编号不带任务控制的情况下启动了任务 %djob_spec [&]jobs [-lnprs] [任务声明 ...] 或 jobs -x 命令 [参数]kill [-s 信号声明 | -n 信号编号 | -信号声明] 进程号 | 任务声明 ... 或 kill -l [信号声明]上一个命令: %s let 参数 [参数 ...]limit第 %d 行:行编辑未启用local [option] 名称[=值] ...登出 logout [n]循环计数make_here_document: 坏的指令类型 %dmake_local_variable: 当前作用域中没有函数上下文make_redirection: 重定向指令 `%d' 越界malloc: 空闲链表中的块损坏malloc: 断言失败: %s mapfile [-n 计数] [-O 起始序号] [-s 计数] [-t] [-u fd] [-C 回调] [-c 量子] [数组]迁移进程至另一个CPU缺少 `)'缺少 `]'使用了\x但缺少十六进制数不支持网络操作%s 的 exportstr 中没有 `='%2$s 中没有闭合的 `%1$c'未找到命令没有与 `%s' 匹配的帮助主题。尝试 `help help' 或者 `man -k %s' 或者 `info %s'。无任务控制此 shell 中无任务控制没有匹配: %s无其他目录其他选项不能与 `-x' 同时使用目前不在执行补完功能不是登录shell: 使用 `exit'八进制数仅在`for', `while', 或者`until' 循环中有意义管道错误pop_scope: shell_variables 的头部不是临时环境作用域pop_var_context: shell_variables 的头部不是函数上下文pop_var_context: 没有 global_variables 上下文popd [-n] [+N | -N]即将停电print_command: 坏的条件连接符 `%d'printf [-v var] 格式 [参数]progcomp_insert: %s: 空的补完声明程序错误pushd [-n] [+N | -N | 目录]pwd [-LP]read [-ers] [-a 数组] [-d 分隔符] [-i 缓冲区文字] [-n 读取字符数] [-N 读取字符数] [-p 提示符] [-t 超时] [-u 文件描述符] [名称 ...]读错误: %d: %sreadarray [-n 计数] [-O 起始序号] [-s 计数] [-t] [-u fd] [-C 回调] [-c 量子] [数组]realloc: 用未分配的块作为参数被调用realloc: 起始和终结块大小不一致realloc: 检测到下溢; mh_nbytes越界递归栈下溢重定向错误: 无法复制文件描述符register_alloc: %p 在表中显示为已分配? register_alloc: 分配表已经充满了 FIND_ALLOC? register_free: %p 在表中显示为已释放? 受限的return [n]run_pending_traps: trap_list[%d] 中的坏值: %prun_pending_traps: 信号处理器是 SIG_DFL, 重新发送 %d (%s) 给自己save_bash_input: 已经存在新的文件描述符 %d 的缓冲区select NAME [in 词语 ... ;] do 命令; donesetlocale: %s: 无法改变区域选项 (%s)setlocale: %s: 无法改变区域选项 (%s): %ssetlocale: LC_ALL: 无法改变区域选项 (%s)setlocale: LC_ALL: 无法改变区域选项 (%s): %sshell 层次 (%d) 太高, 重置为 1shift [n]位移计数shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [选项名 ...]sigprocmask: %d: 无效的操作source 文件名 [参数]start_pipeline: 进程组管道suspend [-f]语法错误条件表达式中有语法错误条件表达式中有语法错误: 未预期的符号 `%s'表达式中有语法错误`%s' 附近有语法错误未预期的符号 `%s' 附近有语法错误语法错误: `((%s))'语法错误: 期待 `;'语法错误: 需要算数表达式语法错误: 无效的算术运算符语法错误: 期待操作数语法错误: 未预期的文件结尾系统即将崩溃test [表达式]time [-p] 管道times参数太多trap [-lp] [[参数] 信号声明 ...]trap_handler: 坏的信号 %d真type [-afptP] 名称 [名称 ...]ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx] [限制]umask [-p] [-S] [模式]unalias [-a] 名称 [名称 ...]寻找 `]]' 是遇到了未预期的文件结束符寻找匹配的 `%c' 是遇到了未预期的文件结束符寻找匹配的 `)' 时遇到了未预期的文件结束符二元条件运算符使用了未预期的参数 `%s'一元条件运算符使用了未预期的参数 `%s'二元条件运算符使用了未预期的参数一元条件运算符使用了未预期的参数条件命令中有未预期的符号 %d条件命令中有未预期的符号 `%c'条件命令中有未预期的符号 `%s'未预期的符号 `%s',期待二元条件运算符未预期的符号 `%s' ,期待 `)'未知未知的命令错误unset [-f] [-v] [名称 ...]until 命令; do 命令; done数值太大不可为算数进制的基variables - 一些 shell 变量的名称和含义wait [编号]wait [进程号]wait: 进程号 %ld 不是当前 shell 的子进程wiat_for: 没有进程 %ld 的记录wait_for_job: 任务 %d 已停止waitchld: 打开 WNOHANG 以避免无限阻塞警告:警告: %s: %s警告: -C 选项可能不像您预期的那样工作警告: -F 选项可能不像您预期的那样工作while 命令; do 命令; done写错误: %sxtrace fd (%d) != fileno xtrace fp (%d)xtrace_set: %d: 无效的文件描述符xtrace_set: 空的文件指针{ 命令 ; }